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中华乳腺病杂志(电子版) ›› 2025, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (04) : 218 -225. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-0807.2025.04.005

论著

乳房切除术后乳头乳晕复合体缺血坏死相关因素分析
刘奕莹1, 李魁1, 郑子芳2, 郑长悦3, 林力生1, 陈海英1, 黄龙伟1, 蔡志银1, 林慕昀1, 苏思盈1, 李航1,()   
  1. 1 351100 莆田,莆田学院附属医院乳腺外科
    2 351100 莆田,莆田学院附属医院甲状腺外科
    3 351100 莆田,莆田学院附属医院胃肠外科
  • 收稿日期:2025-04-02 出版日期:2025-08-01
  • 通信作者: 李航
  • 基金资助:
    福建省中青年教师教育科研资助项目(JAT210407)

Factors associated with nipple-areolar complex ischemia and necrosis after nipple-sparing mastectomy

Yiying Liu1, Kui Li1, Zifang Zheng2, Changyue Zheng3, Lisheng Lin1, Haiying Chen1, Longwei Huang1, Zhiyin Cai1, Muyun Lin1, Siying Su1, Hang Li1,()   

  1. 1 Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian 351100, China
    2 Department of Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian 351100, China
    3 Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian 351100, China
  • Received:2025-04-02 Published:2025-08-01
  • Corresponding author: Hang Li
引用本文:

刘奕莹, 李魁, 郑子芳, 郑长悦, 林力生, 陈海英, 黄龙伟, 蔡志银, 林慕昀, 苏思盈, 李航. 乳房切除术后乳头乳晕复合体缺血坏死相关因素分析[J/OL]. 中华乳腺病杂志(电子版), 2025, 19(04): 218-225.

Yiying Liu, Kui Li, Zifang Zheng, Changyue Zheng, Lisheng Lin, Haiying Chen, Longwei Huang, Zhiyin Cai, Muyun Lin, Siying Su, Hang Li. Factors associated with nipple-areolar complex ischemia and necrosis after nipple-sparing mastectomy[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Breast Disease(Electronic Edition), 2025, 19(04): 218-225.

目的

探讨保留乳头乳晕复合体(NAC)的乳房切除术(NSM)术后NAC缺血坏死的危险因素。

方法

回顾性分析2019年5月至2023年9月在莆田学院附属医院行NSM的150例患者临床资料。根据NAC缺血坏死程度,将患者分为非明显坏死组与明显坏死组,采用χ2检验或t检验比较2组患者的临床和手术指标,将有统计学差异的指标纳入多因素Logistic回归,分析术后NAC明显缺血坏死的独立危险因素,构建预测模型并进行验证。术后6个月利用BREAST-Q量表对2组患者的乳房满意度、社会心理健康、性健康和身体健康进行评分。

结果

71例患者为非明显坏死组,79例为明显坏死组。与非明显坏死组相比,明显坏死组患者的BMI更高、糖尿病史更多、接受术前新辅助化疗的比例更高,切除的乳腺组织量多、切口位置为上象限、乳房假体植入重建、热分离NAC下方组织更多(P均<0.050)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,BMI>24 kg/m2OR=3.371,95%CI:1.243~9.144,P=0.017)、有糖尿病史(OR=6.003,95%CI:1.234~29.203,P=0.026)、术前新辅助化疗(OR=7.153,95%CI:1.590~32.184,P=0.010)、切除乳腺组织量>240 g(OR=9.923,95%CI:3.511~28.041,P=0.001)、乳晕旁切口位置为上象限(OR=7.173,95%CI:2.247~22.894,P=0.001)和NAC下方处理方式为热分离(OR=6.084,95%CI:2.148~17.232,P=0.001)是NSM术后NAC明显缺血坏死的独立危险因素。基于上述因素构建的预测模型,其C指数为0.754,受试者操作特征曲线下面积为0.885(95%CI:0.832~0.938),显示出良好的预测性能。术后BREAST-Q量表评分结果显示,非明显坏死组在乳房满意度[74(68,89)比71(57,89),P<0.001]、社会心理健康[75(69,93)比69(56,84),P<0.001]、性健康[71(53,100)比71(56,90),P<0.001]、身体健康[77(62,90)比72(59,90),P=0.013]方面均显著优于明显坏死组。

结论

本研究构建的预测模型可为NSM术前风险评估提供量化依据。严格的术前患者选择和术中操作优化有助于降低NAC缺血坏死发生率,进而改善患者的乳房满意度和生活质量。

Objective

To investigate the risk factors for nipple-areolar complex (NAC) ischemia and necrosis following nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM).

Methods

The clinical data of 150 patients who underwent NSM in the Affiliated Hospital of Putian University from May 2019 to September 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into the non-necrosis group (with no significant necrosis) and the necrosis group (with significant necrosis) based on the degree of NAC ischemia and necrosis. Chi-square test or t test was used to compare clinical and surgical parameters between two groups. The variables with significant difference in univariate analysis were processed into a multivariate logistic regression model to identify independent risk factors for significant NAC ischemia and necrosis after NSM,and then a predictive model was constructed. At 6 months after surgery,the BREAST-Q questionnaire was used to evaluate breast satisfaction,psychosocial well-being,sexual well-being and physical well-being in both groups.

Results

Seventy-one patients were in the non-necrosis group,and 79 were in the necrosis group. Compared with the non-necrosis group,patients in the necrosis group had a higher BMI,a higher proportion of diabetes history and neoadjuvant chemotherapy,and more excised breast tissue,more the surgeries with an upper quadrant periareolar incision,more breast implant reconstructions,and more frequent thermal dissection of sub-NAC tissue (P<0.050). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that BMI>24 kg/m2OR=3.371,95%CI: 1.243-9.144,P=0.017),history of diabetes (OR=6.003,95%CI: 1.234-29.203,P=0.026),preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy (OR=7.153,95%CI: 1.590-32.184,P=0.010),excised breast tissue volume>240 g (OR=9.923,95%CI: 3.511-28.041,P=0.001),upper quadrant periareolar incision (OR=7.173,95%CI: 2.247–22.894,P=0.001),and thermal dissection of sub-NAC tissue (OR=6.084,95%CI: 2.148-17.232,P=0.001) were independent risk factors for NAC ischemia and necrosis after NSM. The constructed prediction model showed good performance with a C-index of 0.754 and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.885 (95%CI: 0.832-0.938). Postoperative BREAST-Q scores indicated that the non-necrosis group was significantly superior to the necrosis group in breast satisfaction [74 (68,89) vs 71 (57,89),P<0.001],psychosocial well-being [75 (69,93) vs 69 (56,84),P<0.001],sexual well-being [71 (53,100) vs 71 (56,90),P<0.001],and physical well-being [77 (62,90) vs 72 (59,90),P=0.013].

Conclusion

The established prediction model provides a quantitative basis for preoperative risk assessment in NSM. Strict preoperative patient selection and optimized intraoperative procedures helps to reduce NAC ischemia and necrosis,thereby improving patient satisfaction and quality of life.

图1 保留乳头乳晕复合体的乳房切除术切口选择 a图为单纯乳晕旁周围切口;b图为乳晕旁联合放射状切口;c图为腋前线联合乳晕旁切口
图2 保留乳头乳晕复合体的乳房切除术前乳腺彩色超声图 注:红色箭头表示乳头乳晕复合体周围浅筋膜浅层;虚线标注为乳头后方
图3 保留乳头乳晕复合体的乳房切除术后乳头乳晕缺血坏死分级 a图为0级,乳头乳晕无缺血坏死;b图为1级,乳头乳晕缺血坏死<25%;c图为2级,乳头乳晕缺血坏死范围为25%~50%,d图为3级,乳头乳晕缺血坏死范围为51%~75%;e图为4级,乳头乳晕缺血坏死>75%
表1 多因素分析的变量赋值表
表2 150例保留乳头乳晕复合体的乳房切除术患者的一般资料 [例(%)]
表3 150例保留NAC的乳房切除术患者的手术资料 [例(%)]
表4 150例保留NAC的乳房切除术患者发生NAC明显缺血坏死的多因素 Logistic 回归分析
图4 150例保留NAC的乳房皮下腺体切除术患者发生NAC明显缺血坏死的预测模型列线图 注:NAC为乳头乳晕复合体
图5 150例保留乳头乳晕复合体的乳房切除术患者发生乳头乳晕复合体明显坏死预测模型的校准曲线
图6 150例保留乳头乳晕复合体的乳房切除术患者发生乳头乳晕复合体明显坏死预测模型的受试者操作特征曲线 注:受试者操作特征曲线下面积为0.885(95%CI:0.832~0.938)
图7 保留乳头乳晕复合体乳房皮下腺体切除术加假体植入乳房重建术后出现乳头乳晕复合体缺血坏死患者治疗和恢复过程 a图为术后1周时乳头乳晕复合体缺血坏死情况;b、c、d、e图分别为清创缝合术后当天、1周、1个月和6个月
表5 2组保留乳头乳晕复合体的乳房切除术患者术后6个月BREAST-Q量表评分比较 [分,M(P25P75)]
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