Characteristics of tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy in breast cancer

doi:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-0807.2025.06.002

Abstract

Abstract:

The tumor microenvironment of breast cancer is highly heterogeneous and dynamic， influencing disease progression and treatment response. Traditionally， breast cancer was considered to have low immunogenicity， but studies have found that triple negative breast cancer and HER-2 positive subtype have more tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes， such as CD8⁺ T cells and tertiary lymphoid structures， which may be associated with better prognosis and immune therapy response. In addition to tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes， the tumor microenvironment also includes macrophages， dendritic cells， mast cells and fibroblasts， which promote immune suppression or activation through various mechanisms. Metabolic reprogramming can further regulate the immune status of tumor microenvironment， influencing the occurrence， development， metastasis and treatment response of breast cancer. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors， especially anti-PD-1/PD-L1 drugs， have shown survival benefits in triple negative breast cancer patients， their efficacy is still limited to only a portion of patients. Therefore， in the future， it is necessary to further clarify the beneficiary population， reduce ineffective treatment， optimize combination treatment strategies， develop new immunotherapy drugs and explore predictive biomarkers， which may ultimately achieve precise treatment based on individual immune characteristics. This review systematically summarizes the composition of tumor microenvironment of breast cancer and its metabolic reprogramming characteristics， and discusses the current progress in breast cancer immunotherapy， which may provide insights for the optimization of treatment strategies and individualized immunotherapy.

Key words: Breast neoplasms, Tumor microenvironment, Immunotherapy, Metabolic reprogramming

Yuqiu Li, Hongnan Mo. Characteristics of tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy in breast cancer[J]. Chinese Journal of Breast Disease(Electronic Edition), 2025, 19(06): 331-338.

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