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Review

Application of tripterygium wilfordii extract in the treatment of triple negative breast cancer

  • Kexin Zhao ,
  • Rong Wang ,
  • Jun Zhang ,
  • Zhe Yang
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Received date: 2025-06-24

  Online published: 2026-02-13

Copyright

Copyright by Chinese Medical Association No content published by the journals of Chinese Medical Association may be reproduced or abridged without authorization. Please do not use or copy the layout and design of the journals without permission. All articles published represent the opinions of the authors, and do not reflect the official policy of the Chinese Medical Association or the Editorial Board, unless this is clearly specified.

Cite this article

Kexin Zhao , Rong Wang , Jun Zhang , Zhe Yang . Application of tripterygium wilfordii extract in the treatment of triple negative breast cancer[J]. Chinese Journal of Breast Disease(Electronic Edition), 2026 , 20(01) : 55 -59 . DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-0807.2026.01.008

乳腺癌是世界范围内女性最常见的恶性肿瘤1。根据ER、PR、HER-2和Ki-67在乳腺癌中的表达,可将乳腺癌分为4种分子亚型:Luminal A型、Luminal B型、HER-2过表达型及三阴性乳腺癌(triple negative breast cancer,TNBC)2。TNBC特指ER、PR以及HER-2均呈阴性表达的乳腺癌患者,与其他亚型相比在生物学行为和治疗反应上有所不同3。由于TNBC缺乏相应的靶标,化疗或手术仍然是TNBC的一线治疗4。大多数TNBC患者对化疗会产生耐药性,因此,迫切需要寻求有效的药物治疗TNBC。具有数千年历史的传统中草药因其安全性而备受关注5,许多种类的传统中草药是有希望治疗炎症性疾病和癌症的候选药物。使用天然药物治疗成为了传统治疗的替代,其潜在的分子机制与这些草药的某些生物活性成分有关6。越来越多的乳腺癌患者正在寻求中草药治疗,研究显示使用传统中草药联合常规治疗可以提高患者的总生存率7
报道显示许多天然植物的化学物质有望用于治疗女性乳腺癌8。其中,雷公藤具有抗炎、抗肿瘤活性9,其主要活性成分——雷公藤内酯醇、雷公藤红素和雷公藤内酯酮均展现出令人鼓舞的抗乳腺癌潜力。雷公藤内酯醇,又称雷公藤甲素,于1972年首次从雷公藤的根中纯化10。雷公藤内酯醇具有广泛的体外抑制多种肿瘤细胞增殖、诱导凋亡和体内抑制肿瘤生长和转移的作用11,其在源自血液恶性肿瘤和实体瘤(如乳腺癌)细胞中显示出较强的抗癌活性。雷公藤红素富含于雷公藤的根皮和树皮中,是1936年从雷公藤的根中提取的第一个单体;研究者也从南蛇藤中分离到该物质12。雷公藤红素具有抗肿瘤活性,可以在各种癌细胞系中抑制增殖并诱导细胞凋亡,如乳腺癌细胞系13,还具有抑制肿瘤细胞的侵袭和血管生成的能力。雷公藤内酯酮也是来自雷公藤的小分子,其通过减少肿瘤干细胞和致癌信号通路抑制肿瘤发生和血管生成拟态14,也能通过下调肿瘤干细胞等相关基因来抑制TNBC15。同时,临床研究证实雷公藤及其提取物的安全性,如郭少贤等16发现雷公藤联合吉西他滨治疗中晚期胰腺癌有明显的临床疗效,可显著改善患者的免疫功能,有效控制肿瘤进展。本文总结了中草药雷公藤及其提取物的抗TNBC作用,并对其相应的药理作用及机制进行了探讨,为进一步研究、开发和应用这些药物提供了依据。

一、雷公藤内酯醇下调XRCC1和PARP1治疗TNBC

人类DNA持续处于动态的自我控制和自我修复状态,以保持其完整性。复制过程中积累的错误或外源因子引起的损伤会触发一系列信号事件,称为DNA损伤修复(DNA damage repair,DDR)机制。这种机制不能纠正DNA损伤,导致不受控制的细胞增殖,成为肿瘤发生的标志17。DDR机制至少有5个明确的途径:碱基切除修复(base-excision repair,BER)负责修复小的单链碱基损伤,而核苷酸切除修复(nucleotide excision repair,NER)负责较大的单链螺旋扭曲损伤。错配修复(mismatch repair,MMR)负责双链错配的核苷酸缺陷。双链断裂通过两种途径—同源重组(homologous recombination,HR)和非同源末端连接(non-homologous end joining,NHEJ)检测和修复18。XRCC1基因与BER因子(包括DNA连接酶Ⅲ、DNA聚合酶β和PARP1)相互作用,将其招募到DNA断裂处19。PARP1蛋白是一种聚ADP-核糖聚合酶(poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase,PARP),其中大多数是DNA修复因子20。一旦DNA损伤发生,PARP1被募集到损伤部位与DNA损伤位点结合,使其本身聚ADP-核糖基化(PAR化),对下游DNA修复效应物(如DNA连接酶Ⅲ、DNA聚合酶β、拓扑异构酶和XRCC1)的募集和染色质结构重塑具有催化作用21。完成任务后PARP1经自身PAR化修饰后转化为带负电荷的蛋白质,从而从修复的DNA位点释放。XRCC1在BER中的功能依赖PARP1介导的PAR化修饰。因此,PARP1是DNA修复过程中的传感器。HR以姐妹染色质为模板进行复制,是重要的高保真DNA修复机制,负责纠正DNA双链断裂,维持基因组稳定。它在细胞周期S期和G2期通过使用正常姐妹染色单体作为受损遗传信息的模板而起作用22。RAD51是在HR中搜索同源供体序列的因子,该过程在HR中是必需的。TNBC对靶向抗肿瘤药物不敏感,因此DNA损伤化疗药物是临床常用的治疗方法,如顺铂就是用于癌症治疗的一线DNA损伤药物23。然而TNBC的耐药性给治疗带来了挑战,XRCC1和PARP1介导的BER和HR途径是顺铂引起的DNA交联修复和损伤耐药的两个主要途径24。研究发现雷公藤内酯醇能够干扰XRCC1的稳定性和PARP1的活性,从而诱导DNA断裂并将TNBC阻滞在细胞周期S期,进一步使TNBC对DNA损伤药物敏感。
Zhang等25使用雷公藤内酯醇对TNBC 2个细胞系BT549和MDA-MB-231进行处理,发现雷公藤内酯醇以剂量依赖性方式抑制了两种细胞生长,并将细胞阻滞在细胞周期的S期,表明细胞遭受DNA不可修复的损伤或复制缺陷。用雷公藤内酯醇处理后,细胞中的PARP1和XRCC1的水平降低,RAD51也略有下降,表明雷公藤内酯醇干扰BER,也可轻微调节HR。与单用顺铂处理相比,顺铂和雷公藤内酯醇的组合明显增加了彗星检测中的彗星尾部,这表明雷公藤内酯醇会损害参与修复顺铂诱导的 DNA 断裂的 DNA 修复,并且雷公藤内酯醇联合顺铂能够明显降低BT549的生长。XRCC1和PARP1过表达的MDA-MB-231细胞对雷公藤内酯醇具有抗性,表明XRCC1和PARP1介导的BER下调是雷公藤内酯醇抑制TNBC生长并赋予TNBC对DNA损伤剂的敏感性的主要方式。综上,雷公藤内酯醇影响了对细胞DNA的修复,增加了TNBC对顺铂的敏感性。

二、雷公藤红素下调核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)抑制IL-6治疗TNBC

IL-6是一种多功能细胞因子,可调节各种癌症中的细胞生长和血管生成26,也能参与协同旁分泌信号传导以促进细胞迁移,并且其抑制降低了癌细胞的转移能力27。研究表明IL-6可作为乳腺癌的阴性预测因子28。IL-6高度表达促进了TNBC细胞的生长,IL-6的下调有助于抑制TNBC细胞中的细胞活力、集落形成和迁移29。因此,抑制IL-6可能是改善TNBC的新策略。NF-κB是参与多种细胞途径的转录因子,也是恶性肿瘤中不同基因表达的关键调节因子,主要成分是p65和p5030。NF-κB的激活导致IL-6的激活,并进一步激活其下游信号。NF-κB从IKBα释放后,从细胞质易位到细胞核,在活化后刺激促炎基因如IL-1、IL-6和TNF-α的产生31。NF-κB可以通过调节IL-6启动子区域内的结合位点来调节IL-6表达,该调节在乳腺癌进展中起重要作用32。抑制NF-κB/IL-6信号传导可抑制TNBC的迁移和血管生成33。研究表明雷公藤红素可以通过抑制IKBα的磷酸化而诱导IKBα的积聚,导致p65的减少,从而抑制TNBC细胞中NF-κB通路的激活。
Yan等34用不同剂量的雷公藤红素处理2个TNBC细胞系MDA-MB-468和MDA-MB-231,结果发现低剂量的雷公藤红素对细胞活力几乎没有影响。为了消除细胞活力抑制对转移的影响,采用低剂量的雷公藤红素后,发现低剂量雷公藤红素抑制两种细胞系的迁移和侵袭能力,而敲低IL-6显著阻碍了两种细胞系的迁移和侵袭。此外,用雷公藤红素后,这两种细胞系中IL-6的蛋白水平显著降低,而IL-6过表达减弱了雷公藤红素介导的对MDA-MB-231和MDA-MB-468细胞迁移和侵袭的抑制。Western blot结果显示雷公藤红素处理后明显抑制p-IKBα和p65的表达,但增加IKBα蛋白水平,并呈浓度依赖性,表明雷公藤红素抑制NF-κB通路的激活34。公藤红素能够通过抑制TNBC细胞中经由NF-κB通路的IL-6表达来抑制TNBC细胞的迁移和侵袭,为雷公藤红素治疗TNBC提供了新基础。

三、雷公藤红素降解GRP94和细胞周期蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶(cyclin-dependent protein kinase,CDK)1/4治疗TNBC

CDK最初被表征为丝氨酸/苏氨酸特异性蛋白激酶,是真核细胞周期调控的核心。细胞周期蛋白(cyclin)作为CDK的激活伴侣,是细胞周期机制的组成部分。在细胞周期G2晚期和M早期,cyclin A与CDK1结合以促进M期。cyclin B在M期积累,导致cyclin B-CDK1复合物活化35。CDK1-cyclin B的结合是有丝分裂开始的信号,并且有丝分裂需要cyclin A和cyclin B与CDK1的复合物来确保其成功完成36。直到cyclin A和cyclin B由泛素-蛋白酶体系统破坏,CDK1活性开始耗尽37。CDK1在乳腺癌组织中的表达显著高于正常乳腺组织,且与乳腺癌的组织学分级、病理类型及淋巴结转移相关38。当DNA合成发生时,CDK4与cyclin D(D1、D2和D3)结合,驱动细胞从细胞周期G1期向S期的转变39。因此,CDK4通常被认为是G1期进展的启动子。CDK4引起的视网膜母细胞瘤(retinoblastoma,Rb)磷酸化导致E2F转录因子的释放,增加E2F靶基因cyclin E1和cyclin E2的转录。然后cyclin E 与CDK2结合并激活,导致Rb过度磷酸化并使Rb完全失去对E2F转录因子的抑制作用,共同驱动不可逆的S期。在乳腺癌中,cyclin D-CDK4-Rb信号通路的异常激活是导致肿瘤细胞增殖的关键机制40。热休克蛋白90(heat shock protein 90,HSP90)保护许多癌症相关激酶,并且已经证明雷公藤红素是HSP90蛋白的抑制剂41。HSP90具有4种同种型,包括胞质同种型HSP90 α和HSP90 β,内质网驻留葡萄糖调节蛋白94(glucose-regulated protein 94,GRP94)和线粒体同种型肿瘤坏死因子受体相关蛋白1(TNF receptor-associated protein 1,Trap1)42。GRP94,也称为GP96,是HSP90家族的应激诱导分子伴侣43。GRP94在许多干扰内质网稳态的应激条件下上调。肿瘤微环境中存在广泛的应激条件,包括缺氧、氧化还原稳态失调、细胞代谢改变、酸中毒和遗传病变,从而导致产生突变蛋白、高增殖率和蛋白质合成增加44。Patel等45发现GRP94与HER-2相关,并在HER-2阳性乳腺癌细胞中使该蛋白质稳定在质膜处以增强下游信号传导。Li等46进一步证明GRP94与HER-2相互作用且质膜处GRP94的过表达能够促进HER-2阳性乳腺癌的生长。早期研究表明,GRP94在乳腺癌细胞中高度表达,但在正常乳腺组织中不表达47。复发性乳腺癌中GRP94的表达水平高于其相应的原发性肿瘤。最近的研究还表明,GRP94的过表达与TNBC患者的脑转移和较差的存活率相关48。因此,GRP94是TNBC的潜在分子标志物和治疗靶点49
蛋白水解靶向嵌合体(proteolysis targeting chimeric,PROTAC)是一种有效的蛋白质靶向降解技术,其包含3个基本结构:目标蛋白(protein of interest,POI)结合配体、E3连接酶结合配体及将其串联在一起的化学接头50。Gan等51选择雷公藤红素作为POI结合配体,设计出一系列具有不同长度接头的基于雷公藤红素的PROTAC-化合物(6a~6d)。他评估了化合物(6a~6d)在4T1、U87MG、A549、MDA-MB-231和HepG2等5种不同的TNBC细胞系中的抗增殖活性,发现化合物6a显示出更好的细胞生长抑制作用。化合物6a可以以浓度和时间依赖性方式诱导GRP94和CDK1/4的降解,其通过与GRP94和CDK1/4直接结合而发挥蛋白质降解功效。应用内源性普遍存在的泛素-蛋白酶体系统选择性降解GRP94、CDK1和CDK4,使4T1细胞周期阻滞于G0/G1和G2/M期,从而抑制4T1细胞的生长,诱导4T1细胞凋亡,抑制细胞增殖和迁移。此外,化合物6a对基于4T1荷瘤Balb/c小鼠模型中的肿瘤生长具有显著的抑制作用和可接受的安全性,可以用作TNBC的潜在化疗药物。总之,开发具有多靶点降解能力的基于雷公藤红素的PROTAC,为治疗TNBC提供了新策略。

四、雷公藤内酯酮降解Twist1和Notch1治疗TNBC

上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)是胚胎形态发生的基础,其相关蛋白在肿瘤进展过程如细胞迁移和侵袭中起重要作用52。EMT诱导基因如Twist1、Snail1、Snail2、Zeb1、Zeb2、N-cadherin和主要干细胞基因Notch1的异常过表达触发细胞分化和肿瘤干细胞的激活53。致癌基因Twist1、Snail1和Notch1的同时过表达强烈诱导EMT,从而导致癌症的发生和转移54。同样地,EMT在TNBC的发生、转移和耐药中也起着关键作用55。Twist1作为转录因子发挥作用,驱动许多致癌基因的转录,在各种恶性肿瘤的转移过程中起关键作用56。Twist1过表达能够促进TNBC转移,并且与TNBC患者的不良预后相关57。因此,Twist1已经成为开发针对TNBC的治疗靶标58-59。Notch1是一种细胞表面受体,位于转录因子NF-κB的上游,在EMT和肿瘤转移中起关键作用,同时也促进了许多血管生成和转移基因的表达。Notch1是癌症干细胞的必需基因,并且是TNBC的标志物60。Notch1的过表达和Notch1信号通路的激活与TNBC患者的不良预后相关61。Notch1抑制是癌症治疗的潜在策略62。血管生成和血管生成拟态在肿瘤生长和转移中也起着关键作用。因为多个致癌基因在TBNC中同时过表达63,所以靶向单个基因通常不足以治疗该疾病。靶向多个致癌基因和信号通路是TNBC治疗的明智策略。研究发现雷公藤内酯酮可以通过降解Twist1和Notch1,下调多种转移基因和血管生成基因的表达,抑制NF-κB信号通路,有效抑制TNBC的发生和转移。
Zhang等64使用雷公藤内酯酮处理3种TNBC细胞系MDA-MB-231、MDA-MB-468和BT-549,发现雷公藤内酯酮抑制了3种TNBC细胞系的增殖,并且以浓度依赖性方式显著抑制癌细胞的迁移。众所周知,TNBC可以通过血管拟态直接形成肿瘤血管,而雷公藤内酯酮可以降低肿瘤血管生成基因VE-钙黏蛋白和VEGFR2的表达,并降低了细胞中EMT诱导基因N-黏蛋白的水平,从而完全抑制MDA-MB-231细胞中的管状结构形成。Western blotting结果显示雷公藤内酯酮显著降低MDA-MB-231和MDA-MB-468细胞Twist1的表达,Notch1蛋白水平也以浓度依赖性方式显著降低,并以剂量依赖性方式显著抑制MDA-MB-231和MDA-MB-468细胞中NF-κB的磷酸化64。总之,雷公藤内酯酮主要通过触发Twist1和Notch1蛋白的降解,从而抑制NF-κB信号通路并减少VE-钙黏蛋白、VEGF2和N-钙黏蛋白的表达来抑制TNBC细胞肿瘤发生和转移。并且雷公藤内酯酮也能有效地抑制异种移植小鼠中的TNBC肿瘤生长。为治疗高致死性TNBC提供了一种新策略,并为对抗这种侵袭性疾病提供了一种新候选药物。

五、其他

其他雷公藤提取物在乳腺癌中表现出广泛的抗肿瘤活性,尤其是Luminal型(ER阳性)和 HER-2阳性的乳腺癌亚型中。例如,对于Luminal 型(ER阳性)乳腺癌,Shao等65发现雷公藤内酯醇能够抑制Wnt/β-catenin通路(显著下调β-catenin)强效诱导乳腺癌细胞凋亡并抑制增殖;对于HER-2 阳性乳腺癌,Ou等66发现雷公藤内酯醇通过下调 HER-2 蛋白水平并抑制下游PI3K/Akt信号通路进而抑制肿瘤的生长。由于TNBC 缺乏靶向药物而成为雷公藤研究的重点。

六、结语

传统中草药是新药的宝贵来源,目前用传统中草药治疗癌症因其较少的不良反应而越来越受到大家的欢迎。TNBC是乳腺癌中最具侵袭性的一种分子亚型,具有侵袭早、转移快、病死率高的特点。随着研究的深入和技术的进步,传统中草药有望成为治疗TNBC的重要手段。雷公藤及其提取物可通过降解XRCC1、PARP1、NF-κB、CDK1/4、Twist1、Notch1等多种途径抑制TNBC细胞的生长和增殖,且对正常细胞的生长和增殖没有显著影响。 这为对抗这种侵袭性疾病提供了新型候选药物,同时也为患者带来了新的希望和康复的曙光。然而,传统中草药在具有巨大的潜力的同时也面临着重大挑战,未来仍需更多的临床研究来更好地了解其在治疗TNBC方面的作用机制,同时也需要临床验证和规范化管理以确保其安全性和有效性。

赵珂欣,王蓉,张钧,等. 雷公藤提取物在治疗三阴性乳腺癌中的应用[J/OL]. 中华乳腺病杂志(电子版),2026,20(1):55-59.

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