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综述

乳腺浸润性小叶癌的治疗现状

  • 邹莉 ,
  • 夏羽 ,
  • 陈杰 , 3,
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  • 1 625300 四川省雅安市汉源县中医医院肿瘤科
  • 2 610000 成都,四川大学华西第二医院乳腺中心
  • 3 610072 成都,四川省医学科学院/四川省人民医院乳腺外科

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收稿日期: 2024-08-05

  网络出版日期: 2025-11-11

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未经授权,不得转载、摘编本刊文章,不得使用本刊的版式设计,除非特别声明,本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华医学会和本刊编委会的观点。本刊为电子期刊,以网刊形式出版。

treatment for invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast

  • Li Zou ,
  • Yu Xia ,
  • Jie Chen ,
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Received date: 2024-08-05

  Online published: 2025-11-11

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Copyright by Chinese Medical Association No content published by the journals of Chinese Medical Association may be reproduced or abridged without authorization. Please do not use or copy the layout and design of the journals without permission. All articles published represent the opinions of the authors, and do not reflect the official policy of the Chinese Medical Association or the Editorial Board, unless this is clearly specified.

摘要

乳腺浸润性小叶癌(ILC)占侵袭性乳腺癌的10%~15%,具有独特的生物学特性与临床表现,其诊断和治疗较非特殊性乳腺癌更具挑战性。ILC患者诊断年龄较大,首诊时常发生远处转移,且转移部位以骨、胃肠道、腹膜及卵巢为主,E-钙黏蛋白缺失是其核心分子特征。诊断方面,ILC临床表现不典型,影像学检查(X线、超声、MRI等)联合应用可提高诊断准确率,病理学诊断则依赖组织形态(如单行线状排列的肿瘤细胞)及E-钙黏蛋白等分子标志物检测。局部治疗中,保留乳房手术与全乳切除术的长期生存获益相近,但ILC因多灶性生长导致切缘阳性率高,全乳切除率较高;放射治疗中局部加速乳房照射因局部复发风险较高,一般不推荐用于ILC。全身治疗中,ILC对化疗敏感性较低,而内分泌治疗(尤其是芳香化酶抑制剂)疗效更显著,CDK4/6抑制剂联合内分泌治疗在HR阳性患者中显示出良好前景;抗HER-2治疗适用于少数HER-2阳性患者,免疫治疗仍处于探索阶段。目前,针对ILC的靶向治疗(如ROS1抑制剂)等临床研究正在推进。本综述总结了ILC的诊断与治疗现状,探讨其与IBC-NST的治疗差异,为临床个体化治疗提供参考。

本文引用格式

邹莉 , 夏羽 , 陈杰 . 乳腺浸润性小叶癌的治疗现状[J]. 中华乳腺病杂志(电子版), 2025 , 19(05) : 296 -301 . DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-0807.2025.05.006

在乳腺癌的众多亚型中,浸润性小叶癌(invasive lobular carcinoma,ILC)以其独特的生物学特性和临床表现占侵袭性乳腺癌10%~15%1。相较于非特殊型浸润性乳腺癌(invasive breast carcinoma of no special type,IBC-NST),ILC的诊断和治疗面临着更多挑战。这种癌症的发病率在过去20年逐渐上升,与IBC-NST相比,ILC的平均诊断年龄增加3岁,且疾病首诊时常已发生远处转移2-3,但与IBC-NST不同,ILC的肺转移及肝转移的概率较低,而更易转移至骨、胃肠道、腹膜和卵巢等3,4,5。由于ILC特殊的生长模式和较低的常规影像学检查敏感性使得早期诊断变得困难。此外,ILC病理学上的独特特征,如E-钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)的缺失,进一步增加了其治疗的复杂性。目前关于ILC的治疗,不论是临床试验还是国际国内指南,相关数据有限,在临床中治疗通常参考IBC-NST的治疗规范。随着对ILC认识的逐渐深入,其治疗方法也在不断发展。从手术到放射治疗,从化疗到内分泌治疗,再到新兴的靶向治疗和免疫治疗,ILC的治疗策略正在向个性化和精准化方向发展。本综述旨在综合分析ILC的诊断、治疗现状及临床研究进展,深入探讨ILC与IBC-NST在治疗上的差异,为患者治疗提供科学依据。

一、ILC的诊断

1.ILC的临床表现
ILC好发于45~65岁绝经后女性,临床上可表现为乳房肿块、乳头内陷、乳头溢液等,部分患者伴乳房皮肤或乳头形态改变。查体常表现为边界不清的肿块6,质实或硬,体积变异较大,少数病例无明显病变,或显示无数的细小硬结,通过体格检查诊断ILC较为困难,而IBC-NST更早地表现为坚硬或明显的乳房肿块。ILC细胞通常表达ER和PR,而HER-2过表达较少见。ILC的细胞学特征包括单个散在的小细胞分布于纤维结缔组织中,或呈单行条索状排列浸润间质。IBC-NST的癌细胞则可能有不同的形态,大部分有形成腺体结构的倾向。IBC-NST通常表达E-cadherin,ILC则表现为E-cadherin的表达缺失。
2.影像学诊断
由于ILC特殊的浸润性生长模式,通过传统影像学诊断ILC的敏感度比较低。据报道,X线诊断ILC的敏感度为57%~81%,且假阳性率较高,为8%~24%7,而超声联合X线对其检测的敏感度为68%~98%68。MRI检查能提供更清晰的图像,有助于评估肿瘤的范围以及是否存在多中心病灶9,其诊断ILC的敏感度为93%618氟-氟代脱氧葡萄糖(18F-fluorodeoxyglucose,18F-FDG)PET/CT常用于检测乳腺癌的转移病灶,然而,在局部晚期ILC患者中,18F-FDG PET/CT检出转移灶的概率比IBC-NST低2.82倍,目前研究发现ILC的代谢可能更多依赖于氨基酸而非葡萄糖,因此18F-FDG PET/CT在检测ILC转移灶方面可能更灵敏1。X线对钙化较为敏感,超声则对肿块显象较好,临床上一般首选乳腺超声和X线结合,当二者均发现可疑病灶时可进一步行MRI检查;若高度怀疑为ILC时,则行肿块穿刺活组织检查。尽管通过影像学诊断ILC具有局限性,但多种影像学手段联合诊断可提高ILC的准确率。
3.病理学诊断
根据WHO第5版《乳腺肿瘤分类》10描述,肿瘤组织学形态呈单个散在分布、单行线状或靶环状排列且肿瘤细胞彼此缺乏黏附性是ILC的重要病理形态。除经典形态外,ILC还有一些独特的组织亚型,包括腺泡型、实体型、多形型、导管-小叶癌和混合型等。这些亚型中潜在的分子改变可能会影响治疗靶点和疗效11。WHO认为诊断ILC并不需要免疫组织化学(immunohistochemistry,IHC)或DNA测序等辅助技术,但是临床实践中IHC仍是主要诊断手段12。研究发现,大部分ILC(>85%)的E-cadherin表达缺失是因为CDH1基因突变11-12,因此,检测CDH1基因可用于诊断ILC13。此外,E-cadherin缺失还会引发连环蛋白P120的细胞质异位分布,也可作为ILC的特征性诊断指标,可进一步提高诊断特异性14-15。当前,ILC的病理诊断一致性(尤其与IBC-NST鉴别时)仍是临床关注的重点问题。研究显示,仅60%~66%的ILC病例在术前组织学活检与术后石蜡病理诊断中结果一致,提示常规形态学诊断存在一定局限性;若在诊断流程中加入E-cadherin IHC检测,可显著提升ILC在“活组织检查-术后病理”不同检测阶段的诊断一致性,为解决诊断差异问题提供了可行方案16-17

二、局部治疗

1.手术
乳腺癌患者的手术方式取决于TNM分期,而不是组织学类型。肿瘤分期较低的可手术患者通常会选择直接手术治疗,而一些分期较高无法直接切除病灶部位的患者可能需要预先行新辅助化疗(neoadjuvant chemotherapy,NACT),以降低癌症分期后再行手术治疗。研究表明,患者接受保留乳房手术联合辅助放射治疗相较于接受乳房全切术的患者往往具有相近或更好的长期预后18-19。但在ILC相关研究中,接受乳房全切术与接受保留乳房手术的患者长期生存获益没有显著差异20-21。在接受保留乳房手术的患者中,ILC与IBC-NST患者的5年或10年局部复发率相近且长期预后也无显著差异22,23,24,这说明组织学差异并不会显著影响保留乳房手术的预后。但值得注意的是,手术切缘阳性是局部复发风险的重要因素。Chagpar等25报道在行保留乳房手术的患者中,ILC患者出现切缘阳性的概率更大,甚至有研究报道17%~65%的ILC患者在保留乳房手术后需要行二次手术1226,这可能与ILC常呈多灶性、弥漫性分布,不易被临床和影像学检查发现有关27-28。在接受保留乳房手术的ILC患者中,最初的阳性切缘率为37.6%,但在行二次肿块切除术后,74.2%的患者获得阴性切缘(淋巴结阴性与阴性切缘显著相关)26。此外,由于ILC独特的生长方式,患者术前的常规影像学检查难以确定疾病分期及病灶范围,通常需要进行更广泛肿块切除以获得阴性切缘,ILC患者的全乳切除率较高29,为22%~52%,而IBC-NST患者的全乳切除率为14%~46%13。大多数ILC患者在新辅助治疗后仍然行全乳切除术,降期行保留乳房手术的比例低于IBC-NST30
另一影响手术方式的因素是腋窝淋巴结转移状态。前哨淋巴结活组织检查和腋窝淋巴结清扫是评估腋窝淋巴结转移状态的标准方法。当腋窝淋巴结受累,需行腋窝淋巴结清扫以降低疾病复发风险。与IBC-NST相比,ILC诊断时的淋巴结分期更高,术后病理显示淋巴结受累数量更多,腋窝淋巴结清扫率也更高331
2.放射治疗
乳腺癌术后放射治疗的核心目标是在控制肿瘤复发风险的前提下平衡疗效与生活质量,这一目标直接决定了放射治疗方案需与手术方式、病理类型深度适配。在保留乳房手术领域,全乳放射治疗(whole breast radiotherapy,WBRT)已经成为标准方案,优势在于通过全面覆盖乳腺组织,将局部复发风险降至最低。在保留乳房手术切缘阴性的前提下,保留乳房手术结合WBRT能为患者带来与全乳切除近似的长期生存获益,还可保留乳房外形,成为早期患者的首选22。局部加速乳房照射(accelerated partial breast irradiation,APBI)作为其替代方案,其优势并非“疗效升级”,而是“体验优化”:仅针对瘤床及高风险瘤周组织的精准照射能显著减轻皮肤反应、乳腺纤维化等不良反应,尤其适合美容需求高的患者。在特定人群(如导管原位癌或淋巴结阴性乳腺癌患者)中选用APBI能实现与WBRT近似的生活质量32-33。但是,由于ILC患者常表现为多病灶,切缘阳性率高,因此其并不是APBI的常见适应证34。ILC患者接受APBI后同侧乳腺复发风险显著高于IBC-NST患者35,这进一步验证了“病理类型决定放射治疗范围”的必要性。
在接受全乳切除术的患者中,对于T3~T4期或腋窝淋巴结阳性的患者,推荐行胸壁和(或)区域淋巴结放射治疗。研究显示,乳房全切术后放射治疗可为符合放射治疗标准的IBC-NST及ILC患者带来近似的生存获益36

三、全身治疗

1.化疗
与IBC-NST相似,ILC患者同样可接受NACT和辅助化疗,但ILC患者从NACT中的获益相对较少29。在辅助化疗方面,多数ILC敏感性较低,部分高危患者可能获益。Meta分析显示,辅助化疗无法显著改善ILC患者的OS37。基于美国国立癌症研究所监测、流行病学和最终结果数据库的研究表明,即使21基因复发风险评分为中高危,ER阳性ILC患者接受辅助化疗后生存也无明显获益38-39。不过,de Nonneville等40提出,辅助化疗可为ER阳性、HER-2阴性且存在高危因素(如淋巴结宏转移,或肿瘤>2 cm伴脉管癌栓)的ILC患者带来生存获益。另外,HER-2阴性ILC患者采用不含蒽环类的化疗方案,其疗效不劣于含蒽环类方案41,但pN2/pN3期ILC患者加用蒽环类药物可提高DFS41
尽管多项研究证实NACT后ILC的pCR显著低于IBC-NST,但这是否由ILC的组织学特征导致仍存在争议。部分研究者认为:ILC的低肿瘤增殖率和高ER表达使其对化疗不敏感,进而导致pCR率偏低3042-43。Lips等44的研究发现,ILC与IBC-NST的组织学特征并不会对NACT后的pCR率产生影响;二者中ILC的pCR率偏低,主要与该亚型患者中激素受体(hormone receptor,HR)阳性、HER-2阴性的病例占比更高直接相关。进一步研究结果显示,即便在HR、HER-2受体状态完全匹配的ILC与IBC-NST患者群体中,ILC接受NACT后的pCR率依然显著低于IBC-NST45-46。基于此,有研究者提出:ILC对NACT的敏感性低于IBC-NST这一临床现象,不能单纯归因于IBC-NST患者中HR阴性、HER-2阳性病例的占比相对更高,可能存在其他影响因素47。此外,在IBC-NST领域,pCR通常提示患者良好预后,然而这一认知在ILC中的适用性仍存在争议:一方面,Cristofanilli等46的研究及另一项单中心研究30均显示,尽管ILC患者的pCR发生率较低,但其长期预后反而更优;但另一方面,也有研究者坚持认为pCR对ILC患者的长期生存仍具有保护作用48-49
对于晚期ILC的化疗效果,目前数据有限。回顾性分析显示,艾立布林对ILC的疗效与IBC-NST无差异(患者既往均接受过蒽环类和紫杉醇治疗)50;卡培他滨用于晚期ILC的DFS与IBC-NST相似51
2.内分泌治疗
ILC对化疗的敏感性较低,对辅助内分泌治疗(adjuvant endocrine therapy,AET)的敏感性也存在差异。根据月经状态和分子亚型,ILC患者对内分泌药物的反应各不相同。他莫昔芬(tamoxifen,TAM)作为ILC患者传统的内分泌治疗药物,在绝经后的女性,其5年治疗期间的疗效可能劣于芳香化酶抑制剂(aromatase inhibitor,AI)52。TEAM研究53比较发现口服5年依西美坦与口服2.5年TAM序贯2.5年依西美坦后ILC或IBC-NST患者的无复发生存率(relapse-free survival,RFS)无显著差异,但该研究随访时间仅有5年。值得注意的是,ILC患者的复发模式可能与IBC-NST患者不同。尽管ILC患者在早期可能有较好的预后,但在长期随访(6~10年)后,IBC-NST患者的预后可能优于ILC患者,提示ILC可能复发时间更晚,尤其是在Luminal A/B型患者中354。BIG 1-98试验55纳入2923 例HER-2 阴性、HR阳性的绝经后早期IBC-NST或ILC患者,旨在对比来曲唑与TAM的辅助治疗效果,结果表明来曲唑对ILC 患者的辅助治疗获益大于 IBC-NST患者。在AI治疗方面,甾体类AI与非甾体AI的疗效也存在差异:阿那曲唑在ILC患者中的疗效可能优于依西美坦,而在IBC-NST患者中,两种药物的疗效相当56。SOFT及TEXT研究显示,对于存在高复发风险的绝经前患者,卵巢功能抑制(ovarian function suppression,OFS)可以带来生存获益,其结果支持在高复发风险的ILC患者中延长AET治疗,并优先考虑AI治疗3457。因此,ILC的治疗策略应根据患者情况进行个体化选择。对于绝经后患者,AI可能是一个更有效的选择;对于绝经前患者,OFS联合AI或TAM可能更优。
由于大部分ILC患者的ER/PR表达呈强阳性,也可将新辅助内分泌治疗(neoadjuvant endocrine therapy,NAET)用于ILC58。Z1031试验表明,NAET显著提高了ER阳性患者的保留乳房率,但该研究仅有不到20%的患者为ILC59。Dixon等60观察来曲唑在绝经后且ER阳性ILC患者中的NAET疗效,治疗3个月后,肿瘤体积平均消退66%。与Z1031研究一样,有超过一半的女性在NAET后可行保留乳房手术,而NACT后ILC患者保留乳房率只有约30%3061。然而,在临床上,NAET并未得到充分利用,仅有3%的HR阳性患者接受该治疗,原因可能在于NAET通常推荐给存在化疗禁忌证的高龄患者62,此外,对于淋巴结阳性的ILC患者,NAET与NACT在10年OS上没有显著差异63。NAET为HR阳性乳腺癌患者提供了一种有效的治疗选择,尤其是对于不适合化疗的患者。NAET不仅可以提高保留乳房率,还能缩小肿瘤体积,为手术创造有利条件。
CDK4/6抑制剂已成为HR阳性/HER-2阴性晚期乳腺癌的一线治疗标准方案,通过抑制CDK4/6酶的活性,有效延长了患者的无进展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS),并有可能改善OS。在晚期乳腺癌的治疗中,CDK4/6抑制剂联合内分泌治疗相比单一内分泌治疗,能显著提高治疗效果。monarchE研究64旨在对比阿贝西利联合辅助内分泌治疗与单用辅助内分泌治疗的效果差异,结果表明,试验组的无浸润性疾病生存期、无远处复发生存期均得到显著改善。CDK4/6抑制剂瑞柏西利联合内分泌治疗可以达到同样的效果65。因此,CDK4/6抑制剂联合内分泌治疗能显著降低HR阳性/HER-2阴性乳腺癌的复发风险,且长期随访证实其获益持续且安全性可控,但是关于CDK4/6抑制剂对于ILC的疗效,目前的研究并未提供足够的数据支持。ALOMA-2研究66表明,在ILC患者中,哌柏西利联合来曲唑治疗相比于单独使用来曲唑,能够获得更好的PFS。此外,氟维司群联合CDK4/6抑制剂同样能够改善ILC患者的OS67-68。总的来说,CDK4/6抑制剂在HR阳性/HER-2阴性乳腺癌的治疗中扮演着越来越重要的角色,随着临床试验的深入,其应用会越来越广泛。
3.抗HER-2治疗
ILC患者中HER-2高表达占比低,一项纳入174例经典型小叶癌的回顾性研究显示,其HER-2阳性率仅为4.6%69;但部分ILC特殊亚型(如乳腺多形性浸润性小叶癌)的HER-2阳性率较高70。HERA研究71结果表明,曲妥珠单抗辅助抗HER-2治疗可为ILC患者与IBC-NST患者带来相似的DFS及OS。
新辅助抗HER-2治疗领域,化疗联合曲妥珠+帕妥珠单克隆抗体双靶方案的pCR率为57%~66%72,但相关随机对照研究均未单独分析ILC的具体疗效。Zhang等73的回顾性研究显示,接受新辅助抗HER-2治疗的ILC患者均未达到pCR,但抗HER-2靶向治疗可显著降低其疾病进展风险。Huang等74回顾性分析了1 290例HER-2阳性ILC患者接受NACT联合双靶治疗后的效果,结果发现亦仅有1/3 ILC患者达到pCR。上述回顾性研究纳入ILC病例数均较少,需在后续研究中扩大ILC样本量,以进一步分析该类患者的抗HER-2疗效。
晚期HER-2阳性ILC抵抗HER-2治疗数据较有限。与IBC-NST相比,ILC的CDH1、PIK3CA及ERBB2基因突变频率更高75,且晚期ERBB2突变ILC患者的预后通常更差76。但SUMMIT研究与MutHER研究均显示对于HR阳性/HER-2阴性且伴ERBB2突变的晚期ILC患者,来那替尼联合内分泌治疗可带来良好疗效77-78
4.免疫治疗
部分研究证实免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitor,ICI)可提高乳腺癌的pCR率,改善患者的长期预后,尤其是在三阴性乳腺癌患者中79,但尚无研究分析早期ILC的免疫治疗效果。Rugo等80探索了帕博利珠单克隆抗体(pembrolizumab)治疗ER阳性/HER-2阴性且程序性死亡受体-配体 1阳性的晚期乳腺癌患者的安全性和抗肿瘤活性,研究共纳入25例患者,包含3例ILC,25例患者中仅3例患者出现部分缓解,缓解患者中有2例为ILC,这一结果提示ILC可能对pembrolizumab更敏感,但样本量极小,未来需大样本试验验证ILC是否为ICI的优势亚型。

四、结语

在乳腺癌诊疗领域,ILC与IBC-NST的治疗差异已成为临床关注重点。尽管ILC在多数临床研究中常以亚组形式存在,但随着分子诊断技术的发展,通过基因表达谱分析与特征性分子改变(如CDH1突变)可实现ILC的精准分型,这对预测肿瘤生物学行为、指导治疗决策具有关键意义。临床实践中,需依托病理检查与分子分型明确区分两者:IBC-NST的治疗需结合患者年龄、健康状况、肿瘤大小及淋巴结受累情况,制定涵盖手术、放射治疗、化疗、内分泌治疗及靶向治疗的个体化方案;而ILC因生物学行为独特(如E-cadherin表达阴性),诊疗复杂性更高,需由乳腺外科、肿瘤内科、放射科、病理科等组成多学科团队,通过影像学精准定位、病理精确分型及多学科治疗策略协同,突破单一学科决策局限,以实现“诊断零误差、治疗个体化、预后最大化”。在治疗进展方面,靶向治疗领域,CDK4/6抑制剂在HR阳性/HER-2阴性乳腺癌辅助及一线治疗中成效显著,AKT抑制剂卡匹色替联合氟维司群可改善CDK4/6抑制剂经治后晚期患者的PFS;免疫治疗领域亦有新突破,目前国内已有团队发现靶向组织驻留自然杀伤细胞的治疗策略,为肿瘤免疫治疗提供了新靶点与新思路。
当前,ILC的临床研究正处于快速推进阶段,为该亚型患者的精准治疗带来新希望。在靶向治疗领域,ROS1抑制剂因对CDH1突变相关的E-cadherin阴性ILC细胞具有合成致死作用81,成为研究热点。ROSALINE试验(NCT04551495)82正探索恩曲替尼联合内分泌治疗在HR阳性/HER-2阴性乳腺癌患者(ILC主要分子分型)新辅助治疗中的疗效,以残余肿瘤负荷为主要研究终点;ROLo试验(NCT03620643)83则聚焦E-cadherin阴性ILC患者,评估克唑替尼联合氟维司群对肿瘤的客观缓解率。这些研究将进一步明确ILC的最优治疗策略,为提升患者预后提供循证依据。
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